Acne

Everything you need to know about Acne - symptoms, causes, treatment options available in Australia, and when to see a doctor. Evidence-based medical information.

Dr. Louis J Sisk

BSc(Hons) MBChB MRCS(Glasg) MTrauma

August 23, 2025

4 min read

Acne: Australian Health Information

Overview
Statistics and Prevalence in Australia
Symptoms and Clinical Presentation
Causes and Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Treatment Options in Australia
Living with Acne
Prevention

Overview

Acne is a prevalent dermatological condition characterised by the presence of comedones, papules, pustules, and in severe cases, nodules and cysts. It primarily affects the pilosebaceous units of the skin, which include hair follicles and sebaceous glands. The pathophysiology of acne involves increased sebum production, follicular hyperkeratinisation, colonisation by Cutibacterium acnes, and inflammation [1]. These processes are influenced by hormonal changes, particularly androgens, which are why acne is most common during adolescence.

In Australia, acne is a significant health concern, particularly among adolescents and young adults. The condition not only affects physical appearance but can also have profound psychological impacts, including anxiety and depression [2]. Understanding the underlying mechanisms and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare providers and patients alike.

Statistics and Prevalence in Australia

Recent data indicate that acne affects approximately 9.8% of the Australian population, with a slight increase in prevalence from 9225 per 100,000 in 1990 to 9792 per 100,000 in 2021 [1]. The condition is notably prevalent among teenagers, with a staggering 93.3% of individuals aged 16–18 years presenting with acne in primary care settings [3]. Interestingly, more females than males seek medical attention for acne, which may reflect differences in health-seeking behaviour or severity of presentation [4].

Symptoms and Clinical Presentation

Acne typically presents with a variety of lesions, including open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), inflammatory papules, pustules, and in more severe cases, nodules and cysts [1]. Early signs often include the appearance of comedones, which can progress to inflammatory lesions if not managed appropriately. Red flag symptoms that warrant immediate medical attention include the sudden onset of severe nodulocystic acne, which can lead to significant scarring and psychological distress [2].

Causes and Risk Factors

The development of acne is multifactorial, with both intrinsic and extrinsic factors playing a role. Hormonal fluctuations, particularly during puberty, are a primary driver of increased sebum production and follicular keratinisation [1]. Genetic predisposition also plays a significant role, with a family history of acne increasing the likelihood of developing the condition. Other risk factors include dietary influences, such as high glycaemic index foods and dairy products, which may exacerbate acne in some individuals [2].

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of acne is primarily clinical, based on the type and distribution of lesions. The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACGP) recommends a thorough skin examination to classify acne severity as mild, moderate, or severe, which guides treatment decisions [3]. In certain cases, laboratory investigations may be warranted to rule out underlying endocrine disorders, particularly in females presenting with irregular menstrual cycles or hirsutism [4].

Treatment Options in Australia

Treatment strategies for acne in Australia are guided by evidence-based recommendations from the RACGP and the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). For mild acne, topical treatments such as benzoyl peroxide or topical retinoids (e.g., adapalene) are recommended as first-line therapies [3]. Moderate acne often requires a combination of topical agents, such as benzoyl peroxide with a topical retinoid or antibiotic [4].

For severe acne, systemic therapies, including oral antibiotics or isotretinoin, may be necessary. Isotretinoin is a potent retinoid that effectively reduces sebum production and has anti-inflammatory properties, but it requires careful monitoring due to potential side effects [5]. The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) in Australia provides subsidies for certain acne medications, making treatment more accessible [6].

Living with Acne

Managing acne extends beyond pharmacological treatment. Patients are encouraged to adopt lifestyle modifications, such as maintaining a balanced diet and practising good skincare routines. Regular follow-up with healthcare providers is essential to monitor treatment efficacy and adjust regimens as needed [3]. Psychological support may also be beneficial for individuals experiencing significant distress due to their skin condition [4].

Prevention

Preventive strategies for acne focus on minimising known risk factors. Patients are advised to use non-comedogenic skincare products and avoid excessive manipulation of the skin, which can exacerbate lesions [1]. Dietary modifications, such as reducing the intake of high glycaemic index foods, may also help in managing acne severity [2]. Educating patients on the importance of early treatment can prevent progression and reduce the risk of scarring.

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